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Energy Balance and Optical Theorem for Time-Modulated Subwavelength Resonator Arrays

by E.O. Hiltunen and L. Rueff

(Report number 2025-22)

Abstract
We study wave propagation through a one-dimensional array of subwavelength resonators with periodically time-modulated material parameters. Focusing on a high-contrast regime, we use a scattering framework based on Fourier expansions and scattering matrix techniques to capture the interactions between an incident wave and the temporally varying system. This way, we derive a formulation of the total energy flux corresponding to time-dependent systems of resonators. We show that the total energy flux is composed of the transmitted and reflected energy fluxes, and derive an optical theorem which characterises the energy balance of the system. We provide a number of numerical experiments to investigate the impact of the time-dependency, the operating frequency and the number of resonators on the maximal attainable energy gain and energy loss. Moreover, we show the existence of lasing points, at which the total energy diverges. Our results lay the foundation for the design of energy dissipative or energy amplifying systems.

Keywords: Subwavelength resonators, Time-modulated metamaterials, Energy flux, Energy Conservation, Scattering matrix, Energy gain and loss, Optical theorem

@Techreport{HR25_1143,
  author = {E.O. Hiltunen and L. Rueff},
  title = {Energy Balance and Optical Theorem for Time-Modulated Subwavelength Resonator Arrays},
  institution = {Seminar for Applied Mathematics, ETH Z{\"u}rich},
  number = {2025-22},
  address = {Switzerland},
  url = {https://www.sam.math.ethz.ch/sam_reports/reports_final/reports2025/2025-22.pdf },
  year = {2025}
}

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